Among the most powerful barriers to relief under § 1983 is Monell v. Department of Social Services—the Supreme Court decision recognizing that municipalities can be liable for constitutional violations by their officers but setting an exceedingly high standard for such claims. This Essay suggests a litigation strategy that sidesteps several challenges posed by Monell: Plaintiffs should pursue Monell claims based on police departments’ disregard of lawsuits brought against them and their officers.
Every circuit recognizes a police department’s failure to investigate citizen complaints as a basis for municipal liability. Although lawsuits—like citizen complaints—allege officer wrongdoing, many departments do not investigate their allegations. If failing to investigate citizen complaints is a sufficient basis for Monell liability, failing to investigate lawsuit allegations should be as well.
Police departments’ disregard of information unearthed during litigation should also be a basis for municipal liability. If internal affairs investigators fail to interview witnesses or gather relevant information, the municipality can be held liable under Monell. Litigation files contain depositions and evidence about officers’ conduct that departments routinely ignore. If failing to interview witnesses or consider relevant information during internal affairs investigations is a sufficient basis for Monell liability, disregarding litigation information that would fill gaps in internal affairs investigations should be as well.
In the short term, pursuing Monell claims based on departments’ inattention to lawsuits should make it easier to plead and prove municipal liability. Longer term, effectively requiring police officials to take account of litigation information may improve police departments’ internal investigations and supervision of their officers.